Mark Bentley / Ed Stephens, TRACS

Modelling for storage is harder than modelling for production (at least, it looks that way).  The field is still new, a consensus on workflows has yet to become clear and it appears that we are lacking some necessary tools and skills. 
Although we benefit from some deep domain experts, many CCS workers are new to the field and robust cross-discipline model designs for storage projects are a challenge.
This opening talk aims to highlight areas requiring particular attention when modelling for CCS projects, as seen from the perspective of practitioners more familiar with production, e.g. multi-scale modelling, the role of heterogeneity and the idea of cumulative residence, some of which be addressed by the following talks.  

Carl Fredrik Berg. NTNU

In this talk we will discuss strategies and challenges in reservoir simulations and upscaling of the main trapping mechanisms during CO2 sequestration. The trapping mechanisms considered are structural, residual, solubility and mineralization, and the focus will be on capabilities implemented within the OPM Flow software. We will briefly discuss thermal effects, effects of heterogeneity, water convection due to solubility trapping, Ostwald ripening and effective saturation endpoints.

Tor Harald Sandve, NORCE

We present a new multi-scale simulation framework that couples large coarse regional models with local site-scale models. This framework offers a scalable solution for managing pressure space in competitive, multi-site CCS environments and enables accurate modelling of pressure interference in large, faulted aquifers used for CO₂ storage.

Andre Morosov, Equinor

The presentation starts by reviewing the importance of connected pore volume and pressure response in subsurface assessments of CO2 storage.
Then in relates to available modelling methods, their limitations and fit-for-purpose modelling in decision making context

Jørgen Jørgensen, OMV

OMV has modelled a large-scale MAS. We would like to share some of our experiences and reflections regarding modelling approach for MAS opportunities, sensitivity analysis, presentation of modelling results and how modelling can be used to quantify risks. 

Adam Butler, OpenGoSim

Limited information about the heterogeneity of a reservoir means that there is a large range of possible behaviours for geologically sequestered CO2. This is even more so the case for large open saline aquifers, where traditional grid resolutions would lead to a prohibitively large number of grid cells (10-100 million) and simulation times. One such site is the Elephant, a large open saline aquifer located in the Norwegian North Sea. For this case study we tackle this simulation challenge by splitting the modelling approach in two parts:
1) Near-Well Model: A localised reservoir model for the near-well region to investigate how the vertical structure of the reservoir affects the rate at which CO2 reaches the caprock and what fraction is trapped along the way,
2) Migration Model: The longer-term, along-caprock migration of the CO2 and the corresponding trapping processes that secure the CO2.
For this migration model we can make use of a reduced-physics approach to simulate this gravity-dominated flow more rapidly than with traditional full-physics simulators, which then allows us to consider ensembles of simulations and their statistical behaviour, as well as the sensitivity of the CO2 to different input parameters.